Biological Analysis of River Sengar in District Etawah, Uttar Pradesh

Abstract

The River Sengar, a key tributary of the Yamuna River, flows through the Etawah district in Uttar Pradesh, India. As a significant water body that supports the livelihoods of local communities through agriculture, fishing, and water supply, the river has also historically maintained a rich biodiversity. However, in recent decades, the river’s ecosystem has been severely impacted by increasing anthropogenic pressures such as agricultural runoff, untreated industrial and domestic wastewater, encroachment, and changing land use patterns. These factors have led to a decline in water quality, altered flow regimes, and the disruption of aquatic habitats. This paper presents a comprehensive biological analysis of the River Sengar, focusing on its biodiversity, water quality, and overall ecological health. Through seasonal water sampling and biodiversity surveys, we assess key biological indicators, including the diversity of fish, macroinvertebrates, and aquatic vegetation, as well as the physico-chemical parameters of the river water. The results reveal significant water quality issues such as elevated nutrient concentrations, reduced dissolved oxygen, and high biological oxygen demand, suggesting organic pollution and eutrophication. Additionally, a moderate decline in biodiversity was observed, with a decrease in species richness and an increase in the dominance of pollution-tolerant and invasive species. The analysis also identifies the primary drivers of ecological degradation, including agricultural runoff, untreated sewage discharge, and industrial contamination. The findings highlight the urgent need for integrated river management practices that focus on pollution reduction, habitat restoration, and sustainable development. The paper concludes with recommendations for targeted interventions to improve water quality and restore biodiversity, emphasizing the role of community participation and policy enforcement in ensuring the long-term ecological sustainability of the River Sengar.