Escherichia col Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Dhamyaa Obaid Shalgam; Baydaa Ali Abd Alwan Al-Tamimi; Safiya Saad Dhaif; Shaima Basil Salman; Isam Noori Salman

doi:10.55544/sjmars.3.3.9

Authors

Dhamyaa Obaid Shalgam National Diabetes Center, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, IRAQ.
Baydaa Ali Abd Alwan Al-Tamimi National Diabetes Center, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, IRAQ.
Safiya Saad Dhaif National Diabetes Center, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, IRAQ.
Shaima Basil Salman National Diabetes Center, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, IRAQ.
Isam Noori Salman National Diabetes Center, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, IRAQ.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55544/sjmars.3.3.9

Keywords:

Diabetes type 2 (T2D), Urinary tract infections (UTI), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), multidrug-resistant (MDR)

Abstract

The Latin and Greek words "diabetes" and "mellitus," respectively, signify sweet and siphon. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease marked by abnormally elevated blood glucose levels. DM can be divided into two categories: types 1 and 2. T2DM is hypothesized to affect middle-aged and older individuals who have maintained hyperglycemia as a result of bad eating habits and lifestyle choices. 45 urine samples from diabetics with UTIs of different ages were gathered for this study at the National Diabetes Center of Al-Mustansiriyah University in Baghdad Province, Iraq, between October 2023 and February 2024. The samples were handled carefully in the laboratory utilizing the right protocols to avoid any contamination. To categorize bacterial species in the urinary tract, biochemical assays, the standard urine culture (SUC), and other techniques were employed (cultural characteristics, vitek2 system). E. coli made up 67% of the bacteria that were identified from the urine of T2DM patients who had UTIs. In this investigation, E. coli displayed a high percentage of sensitivity to Nitrofurantoin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Oxyacillin, Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, and Imipenem (97%) but resistance to Moxifloxacin, Meropenem, Tigecyclin, Ampicillin, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, Ertapenem, Cefoxitin, and Nalidixic acid with rate of 100%.

References

Dadi BR, Abebe T, Zhang L, Mihret A, Abebe W, Amogne W (2020) Distribution of virulence genes and phylogenetics of uropathogenic Escherichia coli among urinary tract infection patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; BMC Infectious Diseases. 20(1): 108.

Sabitha B, Karnake VK, Geetha RK (2016) Adhesins of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). International Journal of Medical Microbiology and Tropical Diseases. 2(1): 10-18.

American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of medical Care in diabetes—2019. Diabetes Care . 2019;42(1):S13–S28. doi: 10.2337/dc19-s002. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Abed WG, Al-Shawk RS, Jassim KA (2021) The Role of Insulin Level on the Biofilm-Forming Capacity in Diabetes-Related Urinary Tract Infection. Mustansiriya Medical Journal 20(2):p 66-70.

Shatha Ahmed Mohammed Ali (2016) Risk factors for Development of Type-II Diabetes Mellitus in some patients in Baghdad city /AL-Resafa. Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science. Vol. 27, No 3.

Kebamo S, Dabsu R, Deressa A, Gebire M (2017) Urinary tract infection: bacterial etiologies, drug resistance profile and associated risk factors among diabetic patients attending NRH. American Journals of Current Microbiology .5:19–32. [Google Scholar].

Florian ME, Wagenlehner TE, Bjerklund J, Tommaso C, Bela K, Jennifer K, Adrian P & Zafer T (2020) Epidemiology, definition and treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. Nature Reviews Urology vol 17, p586–600.

Kaijian H, Zhuo XW, Xuan-Yu C, Jing QW, Dongya Z, Chuanxing X, Dan Z, Jagadish BK, Liuya W, Jilin L, Zhe SC (2022) Microbiota in health and diseases. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 7: 135.

Elif B, Vahap E, Sohret A, Mikael S (2018) The relationship between phylogenetic classification, virulence and antibiotic resistance of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli in İzmir province, Turkey. Peer J. 6, e5470.

Khasriya R, Barcella W, De Iorio M, Swamy S, Gill K, Kupelian A, Malone-Lee J (2018) Lower urinary tract symptoms that predict microscopic pyuria. Int. Urogynecology J. 29, 1019–1028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version].

Salim SM, Mtebe M, Vitus S, Peter K, Helmut N, Nyambura M, Erick K, Fauster X M, Emmanuel M, Mariam M M, Stephen E M, & Mecky IM (2024) Utility of dipstick urinalysis in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections among outpatients in Mwanza and Dar es Salaam regions in Tanzania. Bulletin of the National Research Centre. Vol (48), 6.

Little P, Turner S, Rumsby K, Warner G, Moore M, Lowes JA, Smith H, Hawke C, Turner D, Leydon GM, Arscott A, Mullee M. Dipsticks and diagnostic algorithms in urinary tract infection: development and validation, randomised trial, economic analysis, observational cohort and qualitative study. Health Technol Assess. 2009 Mar;13(19):iii-iv, ix-xi, 1-73. doi: 10.3310/hta13190. PMID: 19364448.

Ronald A, Ludwig E (2001) Urinary tract infections in adults with diabetes. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 17, 287–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed].

Saliba W, Nitzan O, Chazan B, Elias M (2015) Urinary tract infections in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: review of prevalence, diagnosis, and management. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy . 8:129–136. doi: 10.2147/dmso.s51792. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Najar PS, Eslami M, Talebi BAA, Bakhshi B (2019) Host characteristics and virulence typing of Escherichia coli isolated from diabetic patients. Gene Reports. 15. DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100371.

Jaklen ZK, Shaimaa MS, Sundus AM, Muhannad AA (2020) Relation of UTI with Type 2 Diabetes and Pregnancy in Women Attended Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatric Hospital in Kirkuk City. Medico-legal Update. Vol. 20, No. 4.

Ahmed AS, Al-Masoodi AK, Abdullah AK (2022) Study of antibiotic resistance to Escherichia coli bacteria isolated from urinary tract ingress. Infectious Diseases, volume 20, No 4, p. 63–68.

Zahra MA (2018) Horizontal gene conjugative transmission acquisition and transfer of antibiotic-resistance genes in bacteria. Scientific Journal of Medical Research. 2(6):70-74.

Shafie AH, Yousif MAA, Gallad DH (2023) Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from diabetic patients in Mogadishu, Somalia. Frontiers in Microbiology. Vol (14).

Hamdan ZH, Eman K, Amar MA, Onab SH, Sarah OS & Ishag A (2015) Urinary tract infections and antimicrobial sensitivity among diabetic patients at Khartoum, Sudan. Volume 14, article number 26.

Ratzke C, Gore J (2018) Modifying and reacting to the environmental pH can drive bacterial interactions, PLoS Biol. 16, e2004248.

Babak P, Wolfram MB, John WAR (2021) Virulence Factors of Enteric Pathogenic Escherichia coli. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22(18), 9922.

Yang C, Fei G, Wei C (2022) Comparison of different urine culture methods in urinary tract infection. National Center for Biotechnology Information; 11(2): 260–267. gadishu, Somalia

Shah MA, Kassab YW, Farooq MJ, et al (2020) Recent Studies on Urinary Tract Infections in Diabetes Mellitus. Health Sci J. 14(3): 724.

Saba HM, Bahir ARM, Isam NS (2022) Effect of Berberine Supplement in Iraqi Sample of Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology. 12(4):1916-1923.