Governing in Fragments: Coalition Politics and Power-Sharing in India

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55544/sjmars.3.4.13

Keywords:

Coalition Politics, Political Alliances, Multi-Party System, Indian Democracy, Federalism, Pre-Poll Alliances, Post-Poll Alliances, Power-Sharing, Governance Stability, Regional Parties

Abstract

Coalition politics has become an enduring feature of India’s multi-party democratic framework, reflecting the country’s deep social diversity and its evolving electoral landscape. Since the decline of single-party dominance in the late twentieth century, political alliances have emerged as the central mechanism for forming and sustaining governments at both the national and state levels. This paper examines the historical evolution, structural mechanisms, and governance implications of coalition politics in India, focusing on the interplay between stability and representation. It analyses the formation strategies of pre-poll and post-poll alliances, the negotiation of power-sharing arrangements, and the institutional tools employed to maintain coalition unity. Drawing on case studies from both national and state contexts, the study highlights the factors that contribute to coalition stability, such as leadership style, ideological compatibility, and effective conflict resolution. It also explores the challenges posed by fragmented mandates, regional demands, leadership centrality, and ethical concerns in alliance politics, while recognising the positive role of coalitions in enhancing inclusivity, strengthening federalism, and checking the concentration of power. The paper concludes by proposing institutional and electoral reforms aimed at improving coalition stability without undermining representation. By situating coalition politics within India’s democratic and federal framework, the study offers insights into how alliances can evolve from arrangements of political necessity into durable platforms for inclusive and effective governance.

References

[1] Bellamy, R. (2012). Democracy, compromise and the representation paradox: Coalition government and political integrity. Government and Opposition, 47(3), 441–465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2012.01370.x

[2] Bharatiya Janata Party. (2023). NDA agenda for a proud, prosperous India: Lok Sabha 1999. https://www.bjp.org/nda-agenda-proud-prosperous-india-lok-sabha-1999

[3] Chakrabarty, B. (2006). Forging power: Coalition politics in India. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195676761.001.0001

[4] Chaturvedi, S. (2018). Political parties India 50 years of independence: 1947–97 status, growth & development. B. R. Publishing Corporation.

[5] Economic Times. (2014). UPA vs NDA: Fundamental differences in structure, strength and strategy between Congress-led govt & BJP-led one. The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/upa-vs-nda-fundamental-differences-in-structure-strength-and-strategy-between-congress-led-govt-bjp-led-one/articleshow/35692260.cms?from=mdr

[6] Gogoi, T. (2020). Indian federalism with party system: Changes and continuity. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 9, 180–187.

[7] Gopal Jayal, N., & Mehta, P. B. (Eds.). (n.d.). The Oxford handbook of Indian politics. Oxford University Press.

[8] IAS, D. (2019). Rise of regional parties in India. Drishti IAS. https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/rise-of-regional-parties-in-india

[9] Jain, R. K. (n.d.). India’s political parties.

[10] Khaitan, T. (2020). Killing a constitution with a thousand cuts: Executive aggrandizement and party-state fusion in India. Law & Ethics of Human Rights, 14(1), 49–95. https://doi.org/10.1515/lehr-2020-2009

[11] Khanna, G., & Mukherjee, P. (2020). The electoral consequences of India’s demonetization. Ideas for India. https://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/macroeconomics/the-electoral-consequences-of-india-s-demonetisation.html

[12] Kumar, M. (2017). Coalition politics in India: History and analysis of political alliances. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2954925

[13] Kumar, S. (2021). Dynamics of coalition governments in India at the center: Changes and continuities. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research, 10(4[2]). https://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/ijmer/pdf/volume10/volume10-issue4(2)/21.pdf

[14] Luxmi, S., Bhatt, R., & Thakur, G. (2022). An analysis for the prediction of human behaviour and observation level on social media using machine learning approaches. Mathematical Statistician and Engineering Applications, 71(4), 2606–2620.

[15] Mahendra, G. (2007). Indian political parties annual (1 January 2006 to 30 June 2006) Vol. 1. Kalpaz Publications.

[16] Mansoor, W. (2023). Impact of coalition politics on federal institutions: The Indian experience. International Journal, 22(14), 2068–2090.

[17] McMillan, A. (2023). The causes of political party alliances and coalitions and their effects on national cohesion in India. EISA, 5.

[18] Mitra, S. (2017). Politics in India: Structure, process and policy. Routledge.

[19] Mukhopadhyay, N. (2023). Coalitions make politics and policies more inclusive and representative. Deccan Herald. https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/coalitions-make-politics-and-policies-more-inclusive-and-representative-2701045

[20] Otjes, S., & Rasmussen, A. (2017). The collaboration between interest groups and political parties in multi-party democracies: Party system dynamics and the effect of power and ideology. Party Politics, 23(2), 96–109.

[21] Panneerselvam, A. (2021). Evaluating the efficacy of India's coalition governments. Journal of Psychology and Political Science, 1(2), 15–23.

[22] Peters, B. G., Verheijen, T., & Vass, L. (2009). Coalitions of the unwilling: Politicians and civil servants in coalition governments (Doctoral dissertation, NISPAcee). https://www.nispa.org/files/publications/ebooks/nispacee-coalitions2005.pdf

[23] Robert, M. (2016). Political parties. Martino Fine Books.

[24] Spieß, C. (2002). One-party dominance in changing societies: The ANC and INC in comparative perspective.

[25] Suhas, P. (n.d.). Electoral politics in India: The resurgence of the Bharatiya Janata Party (Ed.).

[26] Swain, P. C. (2008). Dynamics of the Indian party system: The emergence of competitive multi-party coalitions. The Indian Journal of Political Science, 59–70.

[27] Tillin, L. (2014). Regional resilience and national party system change: India’s general elections in context. Contemporary South Asia, 23(2), 181–197.

[28] Tiwari, R. K. (2018). Political parties, party manifestos and elections in India 1909–2014. Taylor & Francis.

[29] Yadav, Y. (1996). Reconfiguration in Indian politics: State assembly elections, 1993–95. Economic and Political Weekly, 95–104.

[30] Yashvir, S., & Sharma, B. (2023). Public policy in India: Critical analysis of development and challenges.

Downloads

Published

2024-08-30

How to Cite

Tirkey, C. A. (2024). Governing in Fragments: Coalition Politics and Power-Sharing in India. Stallion Journal for Multidisciplinary Associated Research Studies, 3(4), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.55544/sjmars.3.4.13

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.